中东和非洲人工角膜和角膜植入物市场预测至 2028 年 - COVID-19 影响和区域分析（按类型（人角膜和人工角膜）、移植类型（穿透性角膜移植术、内皮性角膜移植术等）、疾病适应症 (Fuchs\"™)营养不良、圆锥角膜、真菌性角膜炎等）和最终用户（医院、专科诊所和 ASC 等）
市场介绍
人工角膜植入术是消除全部或部分受损角膜并用健康角膜替代的手术供体组织。但目前，全球范围内角膜捐献者短缺，许多国家也没有眼科和组织库。同时，人眼总是有可能排斥移植物，从而导致感染或视力丧失。角膜植入通常在某些条件下进行，例如圆锥角膜、退行性疾病或其他。人造角膜组织可以由诸如二氧化硅材料的聚合物塑料制成。人工角膜植入物有合成角膜植入物和生物合成角膜植入物两种。
市场概况与动态
中东和非洲人工角膜和角膜植入物市场预计将从 2028 年的 1846 万美元增至 2778 万美元。 2021 年；预计2021年至2028年复合年增长率为6.0%。推动市场增长的关键因素是导致角膜失明的眼部疾病患病率上升，老年人口数量显着增加是推动市场增长的关键因素推动人造角膜和角膜植入物市场。然而，昂贵的眼科手术和设备可能会阻碍预测期内中东和非洲人工角膜和角膜植入物市场的增长。
发达国家老年人口的增加美国、英国等以及阿联酋和沙特阿拉伯等发展中国家的医疗保健设施现代化和医疗服务改善推动了这些国家的预期寿命的提高。根据联合国《2017年世界人口老龄化》报告，到2050年，除非洲外，世界所有地区的人口年龄在60岁及以上的人数将达到约25%或更多。视力丧失是老年人的主要健康问题。 65岁时，三分之一的人患有视力受损的眼病。年龄相关性黄斑变性、青光眼、白内障和糖尿病视网膜病变是该年龄段人群视力丧失的最常见原因。年龄相关性黄斑变性导致中央视力丧失。原发性开角型青光眼可能导致视神经损伤和视野丧失。由于这种疾病最初可能无症状，因此老年人应定期检查。尽管白内障是这些人视力问题的常见原因，但摘除白内障的手术通常是成功的。在糖尿病早期或诊断时，糖尿病视网膜病变在老年人中也很常见。当患者被诊断患有糖尿病时，建议进行散瞳检查，此后每年进行一次。因此，老年人口的增加正在推动人工角膜和角膜植入物市场的增长。
阿联酋的医疗保健行业已经经历了大量的基础设施和程序变化，以定位作为中东地区领先的医疗保健提供商。由于为改善该行业的软硬件基础设施而进行的持续投资，这些改进在整个 COVID-19 大流行期间得到了认可。然而，大流行对其他国家的医疗保健运营产生了重大影响。由于 COVID-19 大流行，大量计划的择期手术被取消或推迟。疫情给中东和非洲的眼保健带来了前所未有的挑战。由于拉各斯 COVID-19 确诊病例数量增加，医院管理人员决定减少服务以保护员工。非紧急的随访预约、择期手术和门诊咨询均被推迟。仅处理视网膜母细胞瘤、早产儿视网膜病变、红眼、外伤和突然视力丧失等紧急情况。同样，在埃塞俄比亚，由于担心新型冠状病毒的传播，眼保健部门暂停了眼部检查，只处理与伤害相关的眼部紧急情况。全国范围内暂停择期眼科手术。患有眼部疾病（例如白内障导致双侧失明）的人被拒之门外，即使手术可以改善视力。此外，用于治疗倒睫的矫正眼睑手术服务已暂停，导致数十万人面临不可逆转的视力障碍的风险。基于社区的眼健康调查和正在进行的研究也已停止，这导致眼健康服务规划的严重延误。
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主要细分市场
中东和非洲人工角膜和角膜植入物市场根据类型分为两部分分为人角膜和人造角膜。 2021年，人眼角膜细分市场占据更大份额。然而，预计人工角膜细分市场在预测期内将实现更高的复合年增长率。
中东和非洲人工角膜和角膜植入物市场按移植类型细分分为穿透性角膜移植术、内皮性角膜移植术等。 2021年，穿透性角膜移植术领域占据最大的市场份额。然而，内皮角膜移植术领域的市场预计在未来几年将以最高的速度增长。
中东和非洲人造角膜和角膜植入物市场（按疾病）指示，被分为福克斯的营养不良、圆锥角膜、真菌性角膜炎等。福克斯一家营养不良细分市场在 2021 年占据最大市场份额，而真菌性角膜炎细分市场预计在预测期内的市场复合年增长率最高。
中东和非洲人工角膜和角膜植入物市场根据最终用户分为医院、专科诊所和ASC等。专科诊所和 ASC 细分市场在 2021 年占据最大市场份额，预计在预测期内实现最高的市场复合年增长率。
列出的主要来源和公司
一些主要和在准备中东和非洲人造角膜和角膜植入物市场报告时提到的第二手来源是国际糖尿病联合会（IDF）、世界卫生组织（WHO）和埃塞俄比亚卫生部（EMoH）。
购买报告的理由
- 根据对中东和非洲人工角膜及角膜植入物市场的详细趋势分析确定潜在投资领域 未来几年。
- 深入了解推动不同成瘾疗法需求的潜在因素成瘾治疗< span> 在支出最高的国家/地区进行细分，并确定每个国家/地区提供的机会。
- 加强您对需求驱动因素、行业趋势和最新市场的了解技术发展等。
- 确定推动中东和非洲人造角膜和角膜植入物市场的主要渠道 ，提供未来机会的清晰图景，这将有助于分析，从而实现收入扩张。
- 通过关注公司正在进行的项目来引导资源 中东和非洲人工角膜及角膜植入物市场的不同国家。
中东和非洲人工角膜和角膜植入物市场细分
< strong>按类型
- 人类角膜
- 人工角膜
按移植类型
- 穿透性角膜移植术
- 内皮角膜移植术
- 其他
按疾病适应症
- Fuchs’s营养不良
- 圆锥角膜
- 真菌性角膜炎
- 其他
最终用户
- 医院
- 专科诊所和 ASC
- 其他
< strong>按国家/地区
- 阿联酋
- 南非
- 沙特阿拉伯
- 中东和非洲其他地区
< span>公司简介
- AJL OPHTHALMIC SA
- EyeYon Medical
- KERAMED, INC.
- 佛罗里达狮子眼罩k
- < span>角膜视力
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Scope of the Study
1.2 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.3 Market Segmentation
1.3.1 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – By Type
1.3.2 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – By Transplant Type
1.3.3 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – By Disease Indication
1.3.4 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – By End User
1.3.5 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – By Country
2. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Key Takeaways
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Coverage
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research
4. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Market Landscape
4.1 Overview
4.2 PEST Analysis
4.2.1 Middle East and Africa – PEST Analysis
5. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Key Market Dynamics
5.1 Market Drivers
5.1.1 Rising Prevalence of Eye Diseases Causing Corneal Blindness
5.1.2 Significant Rise in Elderly Population
5.2 Market Restraints
5.2.1 High Cost of Ophthalmology Surgeries and Devices
5.3 Market Opportunities
5.3.1 Shortage of Corneal Donors
5.4 Future Trends
5.4.1 3D-Printed Human Corneas
5.5 Impact Analysis
6. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Middle East and Africa Analysis
6.1 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Revenue Forecast and Analysis
7. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Analysis – By Type
7.1 Overview
7.2 Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Type 2021 & 2028 (%)
7.3 Human Cornea
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Human Cornea: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
7.4 Artificial Cornea
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Artificial Cornea: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
8. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Analysis – By Transplant Type
8.1 Overview
8.2 Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type 2021 & 2028 (%)
8.3 Penetrating Keratoplasty
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Penetrating Keratoplasty: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
8.4 Endothelial Keratoplasty
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Endothelial Keratoplasty: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
8.5 Others
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Others: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
9. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Analysis – By Disease Indication
9.1 Overview
9.2 Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Revenue Share, by Disease Indication (2021 and 2028)
9.3 Fuchs’ Dystrophy
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Fuchs’ Dystrophy: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
9.4 Keratoconus
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Keratoconus: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
9.5 Fungal Keratitis
9.5.1 Overview
9.5.2 Fungal Keratitis: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
9.6 Others
9.6.1 Overview
9.6.2 Others: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
10. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Analysis – By End User
10.1 Overview
10.2 Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Revenue Share, by End User (2021 and 2028)
10.3 Hospitals
10.3.1 Overview
10.3.2 Hospitals: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
10.4 Specialty Clinics and ASCs
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Specialty Clinics and ASCs: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
10.5 Others
10.5.1 Overview
10.5.2 Others: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Middle East and Africa Analysis
11.1 Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market
11.1.1 Overview
11.1.2 Middle East & Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Type– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.4 Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type, 2019–2028 (USD Million)
11.1.5 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.6 Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7 Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Country, 2021 & 2028 (%)
11.1.7.1 Saudi Arabia: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.7.1.1 Saudi Arabia: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.7.1.2 Saudi Arabia Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Type– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.1.3 Saudi Arabia: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type, 2019–2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.1.4 Saudi Arabia Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.1.5 Saudi Arabia Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.2 UAE: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.7.2.1 UAE: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.7.2.2 UAE Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Product Type– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.2.3 UAE: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type, 2019–2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.2.4 UAE Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.2.5 UAE Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.3 Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.7.3.1 Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.7.3.2 Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Type– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.3.3 Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type, 2019–2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.3.4 Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.3.5 Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.4 Rest of Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.7.4.1 Rest of Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
11.1.7.4.2 Rest of Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Type– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.4.3 Rest of Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type, 2019–2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.4.4 Rest of Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
11.1.7.4.5 Rest of Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
12. Impact Of COVID-19 Pandemic on Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market
12.1 Middle East and Africa: Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic
13. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market–Industry Landscape
13.1 Overview
13.2 Inorganic Growth Strategies
13.2.1 Overview
13.3 Organic Growth Strategies
13.3.1 Overview
14. Company Profiles
14.1 AJL OPHTHALMIC S.A
14.1.1 Key Facts
14.1.2 Business Description
14.1.3 Products and Services
14.1.4 Financial Overview
14.1.5 SWOT Analysis
14.1.6 Key Developments
14.2 KERAMED, INC.
14.2.1 Key Facts
14.2.2 Business Description
14.2.3 Products and Services
14.2.4 Financial Overview
14.2.5 SWOT Analysis
14.2.6 Key Developments
14.3 EyeYon Medical
14.3.1 Key Facts
14.3.2 Business Description
14.3.3 Products and Services
14.3.4 Financial Overview
14.3.5 SWOT Analysis
14.3.6 Key Developments
14.4 Florida Lions Eye Bank
14.4.1 Key Facts
14.4.2 Business Description
14.4.3 Products and Services
14.4.4 Financial Overview
14.4.5 SWOT Analysis
14.4.6 Key Developments
14.5 Corneat Vision
14.5.1 Key Facts
14.5.2 Business Description
14.5.3 Products and Services
14.5.4 Financial Overview
14.5.5 SWOT Analysis
14.5.6 Key Developments
15. Appendix
15.1 About The Insight Partners
15.2 Glossary of Terms
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 2. Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 3. Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 4. Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 5. Saudi Arabia Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 6. Saudi Arabia Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 7. Saudi Arabia Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 8. Saudi Arabia Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 9. UAE Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Product Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 10. UAE Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 11. UAE Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 12. UAE Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 13. Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 14. Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 15. Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 16. Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 17. Rest of Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 18. Rest of Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 19. Rest of Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By Disease Indication – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 20. Rest of Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, By End User – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (USD Million)
Table 21. Recent Inorganic Growth Strategies in the Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market
Table 22. Recent Organic Growth Strategies in the Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market
Table 23. Glossary of Terms, Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Segmentation
Figure 2. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Segmentation, By Country
Figure 3. Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Overview
Figure 4. Human Cornea Segment Held the Largest Share of the Type Segment in Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market
Figure 5. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Leading Country Markets (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Middle East and Africa PEST Analysis
Figure 7. Middle East and Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue Forecast and Analysis – 2020- 2028
Figure 8. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Type 2021 & 2028 (%)
Figure 9. Human Cornea: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Artificial Cornea: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Transplant Type 2021 & 2028 (%)
Figure 12. Penetrating Keratoplasty: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Endothelial Keratoplasty: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Others: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Revenue Share, by (2021 and 2028)
Figure 16. Fuchs’ Dystrophy: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 17. Keratoconus: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 18. Fungal Keratitis: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 19. Others: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 20. Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Revenue Share, by End User (2021 and 2028)
Figure 21. Hospitals & Clinics: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Specialty Clinics and ASCs: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Others: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Key Country – Revenue (2021) (USD Million)
Figure 25. Middle East & Africa Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market, by Country, 2021 & 2028 (%)
Figure 27. Saudi Arabia: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 28. UAE: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Rest of Middle East and Africa: Artificial Cornea and Corneal Implant Market– Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Middle East and Africa Country Markets
- AJL OPHTHALMIC S.A
- EyeYon Medical
- KERAMED, INC.
- Florida Lions Eye Bank
- Corneat Vision
- Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players and segments in the Middle East and Africa artificial cornea and corneal implant market.
- Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies.
- The key findings and recommendations highlight crucial progressive industry trends in the Middle East and Africa artificial cornea and corneal implant market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies.
- Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets.
- Scrutinize in-depth market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the market, as well as those hindering it.
- Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin security interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing and distribution.